Contents

Preface
1Foundations
- Introduction
- 1.1Use the Language of Algebra
- 1.2Integers
- 1.3Fractions
- 1.4Decimals
- 1.5Properties of Real Numbers
- Chapter Review
  Key Terms
  Key Concepts
- Exercises
  Review Exercises
  Practice Test
2Solving Linear Equations
3Graphs and Functions
4Systems of Linear Equations
5Polynomials and Polynomial Functions
6Factoring
7Rational Expressions and Functions
8Roots and Radicals
9Quadratic Equations and Functions
10Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
11Conics
12Sequences, Series and Binomial Theorem
- Introduction
- 12.1Sequences
- 12.2Arithmetic Sequences
- 12.3Geometric Sequences and Series
- 12.4Binomial Theorem
- Chapter Review
  Key Terms
Answer Key
Index

Solve Linear Inequalities

Learning Objectives

By the end of this section, you will be able to:

Graph inequalities on the number line
Solve linear inequalities
Translate words to an inequality and solve
Solve applications with linear inequalities

Be Prepared 2.5

Before you get started, take this readiness quiz.

Translate from algebra to English: $15 > x . 15 > x .$
If you missed this problem, review Example 1.3.
Translate to an algebraic expression: 15 is less than x.
If you missed this problem, review Example 1.8.

Graph Inequalities on the Number Line

What number would make the inequality $x > 3 x > 3$ true? Are you thinking, “x could be four”? That’s correct, but x could be 6, too, or 37, or even 3.001. Any number greater than three is a solution to the inequality $x > 3 . x > 3 .$

We show all the solutions to the inequality $x > 3 x > 3$ on the number line by shading in all the numbers to the right of three, to show that all numbers greater than three are solutions. Because the number three itself is not a solution, we put an open parenthesis at three.

We can also represent inequalities using interval notation. There is no upper end to the solution to this inequality. In interval notation, we express $x > 3 x > 3$ as $(3, \infty) . (3, \infty) .$ The symbol $\infty \infty$ is read as “infinity.” It is not an actual number.

Figure 2.2 shows both the number line and the interval notation.

The figure shows the inquality, x is greater than 3, graphed on a number line from negative 5 to 5. There is shading that starts at 3 and extends to numbers to its right. The solution for the inequality is written in interval notation. It is the interval from 3 to infinity, not including 3.

Figure 2.2 The inequality

x > 3 x > 3

is graphed on this number line and written in interval notation.

We use the left parenthesis symbol, (, to show that the endpoint of the inequality is not included. The left bracket symbol, [, shows that the endpoint is included.

The inequality $x \leq 1 x \leq 1$ means all numbers less than or equal to one. Here we need to show that one is a solution, too. We do that by putting a bracket at $x = 1 . x = 1 .$ We then shade in all the numbers to the left of one, to show that all numbers less than one are solutions. See Figure 2.3.

There is no lower end to those numbers. We write $x \leq 1 x \leq 1$ in interval notation as $(− \infty, 1] . (− \infty, 1] .$ The symbol $− \infty − \infty$ is read as “negative infinity.” Figure 2.3 shows both the number line and interval notation.

The figure shows the inquality, x is less than or equal to l, graphed on a number line from negative 5 to 5. There is shading that starts at 1 and extends to numbers to its left. The solution for the inequality is written in interval notation. It is the interval from negative infinity to one, including 1.

Figure 2.3 The inequality

x \leq 1 x \leq 1

is graphed on this number line and written in interval notation.

Inequalities, Number Lines, and Interval Notation

The figure shows that the solution of the inequality x is greater than a is indicated on a number line with a left parenthesis at a and shading to the right, and that the solution in interval notation is the interval from a to infinity enclosed in parentheses. It shows the solution of the inequality x is greater than or equal to a is indicated on a number line with an left bracket at a and shading to the right, and that the solution in interval notation is the interval a to infinity within a left bracket and right parenthesis. It shows that the solution of the inequality x is less than a is indicated on a number line with a right parenthesis at a and shading to the left, and that the solution in interval notation is the the interval negative infinity to a within parentheses. It shows that the solution of the inequality x is less than or equal to a is indicated on anumber line with a right bracket at a and shading to the left, and that the solution in interval notation is negative infinity to a within a left parenthesis and right bracket.

The notation for inequalities on a number line and in interval notation use the same symbols to express the endpoints of intervals.

Example 2.48

Graph each inequality on the number line and write in interval notation.

ⓐ $x \geq −3 x \geq −3$ ⓑ $x < 2.5 x < 2.5$ ⓒ $x \leq - \frac{3}{5} x \leq - \frac{3}{5}$

Show solution

Solution

ⓐ


Shade to the right of $−3, −3,$ and put a bracket at $−3 . −3 .$
Write in interval notation.

ⓑ


Shade to the left of 2.5 and put a parenthesis at 2.5.
Write in interval notation.

ⓒ


Shade to the left of $- \frac{3}{5}, - \frac{3}{5},$ and put a bracket at $- \frac{3}{5} . - \frac{3}{5} .$
Write in interval notation.

Try It 2.95

Graph each inequality on the number line and write in interval notation: ⓐ $x > 2 x > 2$ ⓑ $x \leq −1.5 x \leq −1.5$ ⓒ $x \geq \frac{3}{4} . x \geq \frac{3}{4} .$

Try It 2.96

Graph each inequality on the number line and write in interval notation: ⓐ $x \leq −4 x \leq −4$ ⓑ $x \geq 0.5 x \geq 0.5$ ⓒ $x < - \frac{2}{3} . x < - \frac{2}{3} .$

What numbers are greater than two but less than five? Are you thinking say, $2.5, 3, 3 \frac{2}{3}, 4, 4, 99 ? 2.5, 3, 3 \frac{2}{3}, 4, 4, 99 ?$ We can represent all the numbers between two and five with the inequality $2 < x < 5 . 2 < x < 5 .$ We can show $2 < x < 5 2 < x < 5$ on the number line by shading all the numbers between two and five. Again, we use the parentheses to show the numbers two and five are not included. See Figure 2.4.

The graph of the inequality 2 is less than x which is less than 5 shows open circles a 2 and 5 and shading in between.

Figure 2.4

Example 2.49

Graph each inequality on the number line and write in interval notation.

ⓐ $−3 < x < 4 −3 < x < 4$ ⓑ $−6 \leq x < −1 −6 \leq x < −1$ ⓒ $0 \leq x \leq 2.5 0 \leq x \leq 2.5$

Show solution

Solution

ⓐ


Shade between $−3 −3$ and 4. Put a parentheses at $−3 −3$ and 4.
Write in interval notation.

ⓑ


Shade between $−6 −6$ and −1. Put a bracket at $−6, −6,$ and a parenthesis at −1.
Write in interval notation.

ⓒ


Shade between 0 and 2.5. Put a bracket at 0 and at 2.5.
Write in interval notation.

Try It 2.97

Graph each inequality on the number line and write in interval notation:

ⓐ $−2 < x < 1 −2 < x < 1$ ⓑ $−5 \leq x < −4 −5 \leq x < −4$ ⓒ $1 \leq x \leq 4.25 1 \leq x \leq 4.25$

Try It 2.98

Graph each inequality on the number line and write in interval notation:

ⓐ $−6 < x < 2 −6 < x < 2$ ⓑ $−3 \leq x < −1 −3 \leq x < −1$ ⓒ $2.5 \leq x \leq 6 2.5 \leq x \leq 6$

Solve Linear Inequalities

A linear inequality is much like a linear equation—but the equal sign is replaced with an inequality sign. A linear inequality is an inequality in one variable that can be written in one of the forms, $a x + b < c, a x + b < c,$ $a x + b \leq c, a x + b \leq c,$ $a x + b > c, a x + b > c,$ or $a x + b \geq c . a x + b \geq c .$

Linear Inequality

A linear inequality is an inequality in one variable that can be written in one of the following forms where a, b, and c are real numbers and $a \neq 0 a \neq 0$ :

a x + b < c, a x + b \leq c, a x + b > c, a x + b \geq c . a x + b < c,

When we solved linear equations, we were able to use the properties of equality to add, subtract, multiply, or divide both sides and still keep the equality. Similar properties hold true for inequalities.

We can add or subtract the same quantity from both sides of an inequality and still keep the inequality. For example:

Negative 4 is less than 2. Negative 4 minus 5 is less than 2 minus 5. Negative 9 is less than negative 3, which is true. Negative 4 is less than 2. Negative 4 plus 7 is less than 2 plus 7. 3 is less than 9, which is true.

Notice that the inequality sign stayed the same.

This leads us to the Addition and Subtraction Properties of Inequality.

Addition and Subtraction Property of Inequality

For any numbers a, b, and c, if $a < b, then a < b,$

\begin{matrix} a + c < b + c & a - c < b - c \\ a + c > b + c & a - c > b - c \end{matrix} \begin{matrix} a + c < b + c & a - c < b - c \\ a + c > b + c & a - c > b - c \end{matrix}

We can add or subtract the same quantity from both sides of an inequality and still keep the inequality.

What happens to an inequality when we divide or multiply both sides by a constant?

Let’s first multiply and divide both sides by a positive number.

10 is less than 15. 10 times 5 is less than 15 times 5. 50 is less than 75 is true. 10 is less than 15. 10 divided by 5 is less than 15 divided by 5. 2 is less than 3 is true.

The inequality signs stayed the same.

Does the inequality stay the same when we divide or multiply by a negative number?

10 is less than 15 10 times negative 5 is blank 15 times negative 5? Negative 50 is blank negative 75. Negative 50 is greater than negative 75. 10 is less than 15. 10 divided by negative 5 is blank 15 divided by negative 5. Negative 2 is blank negative 3. Negative 2 is blank negative 3.

Notice that when we filled in the inequality signs, the inequality signs reversed their direction.

When we divide or multiply an inequality by a positive number, the inequality sign stays the same. When we divide or multiply an inequality by a negative number, the inequality sign reverses.

This gives us the Multiplication and Division Property of Inequality.

Multiplication and Division Property of Inequality

For any numbers a, b, and c,

\begin{matrix} multiply or divide by a positive \\ if a < b and c > 0, then a c < b c and \frac{a}{c} < \frac{b}{c} . \\ if a > b and c > 0, then a c > b c and \frac{a}{c} > \frac{b}{c} . \\ multiply or divide by a negative \\ if a < b and c < 0, then a c > b c and \frac{a}{c} > \frac{b}{c} . \\ if a > b and c < 0, then a c < b c and \frac{a}{c} < \frac{b}{c} . \end{matrix} \begin{matrix} multiply or divide by a positive \\ multiply or divide by a negative \end{matrix}

When we divide or multiply an inequality by a:

positive number, the inequality stays the same.
negative number, the inequality reverses.

Sometimes when solving an inequality, as in the next example, the variable ends upon the right. We can rewrite the inequality in reverse to get the variable to the left.

x > a has the same meaning as a < x x > a

Think about it as “If Xander is taller than Andy, then Andy is shorter than Xander.”

Example 2.50

Solve each inequality. Graph the solution on the number line, and write the solution in interval notation.

ⓐ $x - \frac{3}{8} \leq \frac{3}{4} x - \frac{3}{8} \leq \frac{3}{4}$ ⓑ $9 y < 54 9 y < 54$ ⓒ $−15 < \frac{3}{5} z −15 < \frac{3}{5} z$

Show solution

Solution

ⓐ


Add $\frac{3}{8} \frac{3}{8}$ to both sides of the inequality.
Simplify.
Graph the solution on the number line.
Write the solution in interval notation.

ⓑ


Divide both sides of the inequality by 9; since 9 is positive, the inequality stays the same.
Simplify.
Graph the solution on the number line.
Write the solution in interval notation.

ⓒ


Multiply both sides of the inequality by $\frac{5}{3} . \frac{5}{3} .$ Since $\frac{5}{3} \frac{5}{3}$ is positive, the inequality stays the same.
Simplify.
Rewrite with the variable on the left.
Graph the solution on the number line.
Write the solution in interval notation.

Try It 2.99

Solve each inequality, graph the solution on the number line, and write the solution in interval notation:

ⓐ $p - \frac{3}{4} \geq \frac{1}{6} p - \frac{3}{4} \geq \frac{1}{6}$ ⓑ $9 c > 72 9 c > 72$ ⓒ $24 \leq \frac{3}{8} m 24 \leq \frac{3}{8} m$

Try It 2.100

Solve each inequality, graph the solution on the number line, and write the solution in interval notation:

ⓐ $r - \frac{1}{3} \leq \frac{7}{12} r - \frac{1}{3} \leq \frac{7}{12}$ ⓑ $12 d \leq 60 12 d \leq 60$ ⓒ $−24 < \frac{4}{3} n −24 < \frac{4}{3} n$

Be careful when you multiply or divide by a negative number—remember to reverse the inequality sign.

Example 2.51

Solve each inequality, graph the solution on the number line, and write the solution in interval notation.

ⓐ $−13 m \geq 65 −13 m \geq 65$ ⓑ $\frac{n}{−2} \geq 8 \frac{n}{−2} \geq 8$

Show solution

Solution

ⓐ


Divide both sides of the inequality by $−13 . −13 .$ Since $−13 −13$ is a negative, the inequality reverses.
Simplify.
Graph the solution on the number line.
Write the solution in interval notation.

ⓑ


Multiply both sides of the inequality by $−2 . −2 .$ Since $−2 −2$ is a negative, the inequality reverses.
Simplify.
Graph the solution on the number line.
Write the solution in interval notation.

Try It 2.101

Solve each inequality, graph the solution on the number line, and write the solution in interval notation:

ⓐ $−8 q < 32 −8 q < 32$ ⓑ $\frac{k}{−12} \leq 15 . \frac{k}{−12} \leq 15 .$

Try It 2.102

Solve each inequality, graph the solution on the number line, and write the solution in interval notation:

ⓐ $−7 r \leq - 70 −7 r \leq - 70$ ⓑ $\frac{u}{−4} \geq −16 . \frac{u}{−4} \geq −16 .$

Most inequalities will take more than one step to solve. We follow the same steps we used in the general strategy for solving linear equations, but make sure to pay close attention when we multiply or divide to isolate the variable.

Example 2.52

Solve the inequality $6 y \leq 11 y + 17, 6 y \leq 11 y + 17,$ graph the solution on the number line, and write the solution in interval notation.

Show solution

Solution


Subtract $11 y 11 y$ from both sides to collect the variables on the left.
Simplify.
Divide both sides of the inequality by $−5, −5,$ and reverse the inequality.
Simplify.
Graph the solution on the number line.
Write the solution in interval notation.

Try It 2.103

Solve the inequality, graph the solution on the number line, and write the solution in interval notation: $3 q \geq 7 q - 23 . 3 q \geq 7 q - 23 .$

Try It 2.104

Solve the inequality, graph the solution on the number line, and write the solution in interval notation: $6 x < 10 x + 19 . 6 x < 10 x + 19 .$

When solving inequalities, it is usually easiest to collect the variables on the side where the coefficient of the variable is largest. This eliminates negative coefficients and so we don’t have to multiply or divide by a negative—which means we don’t have to remember to reverse the inequality sign.

Example 2.53

Solve the inequality $8 p + 3 (p - 12) > 7 p - 28, 8 p + 3 (p - 12) > 7 p - 28,$ graph the solution on the number line, and write the solution in interval notation.

Show solution

Solution

	$8 p + 3 (p - 12) > 7 p - 28 8 p + 3 (p - 12) > 7 p - 28$
Simplify each side as much as possible.
Distribute.	$8 p + 3 p - 36 > 7 p - 28$
Combine like terms.	$11 p - 36 > 7 p - 28$
Subtract $7 p 7 p$ from both sides to collect the variables on the left, since $11 > 7 . 11 > 7 .$	$11 p - 36 - 7 p > 7 p - 28 - 7 p$
Simplify.	$4 p - 36 > −28$
Add 36 to both sides to collect the constants on the right.	$4 p - 36 + 36 > −28 + 36$
Simplify.	$4 p > 8$
Divide both sides of the inequality by 4; the inequality stays the same.	$\frac{4 p}{4} > \frac{8}{4}$
Simplify.	$p > 2$
Graph the solution on the number line.
Write the solution in interval notation.	$(2, \infty) (2, \infty)$

Try It 2.105

Solve the inequality $9 y + 2 (y + 6) > 5 y - 24 9 y + 2 (y + 6) > 5 y - 24$ , graph the solution on the number line, and write the solution in interval notation.

Try It 2.106

Solve the inequality $6 u + 8 (u - 1) > 10 u + 32 6 u + 8 (u - 1) > 10 u + 32$ , graph the solution on the number line, and write the solution in interval notation.

Just like some equations are identities and some are contradictions, inequalities may be identities or contradictions, too. We recognize these forms when we are left with only constants as we solve the inequality. If the result is a true statement, we have an identity. If the result is a false statement, we have a contradiction.

Example 2.54

Solve the inequality $8 x - 2 (5 - x) < 4 (x + 9) + 6 x, 8 x - 2 (5 - x) < 4 (x + 9) + 6 x,$ graph the solution on the number line, and write the solution in interval notation.

Show solution

Solution

Simplify each side as much as possible.		$8 x - 2 (5 - x) < 4 (x + 9) + 6 x 8 x - 2 (5 - x) < 4 (x + 9) + 6 x$
Distribute.		$8 x - 10 + 2 x < 4 x + 36 + 6 x 8 x - 10 + 2 x < 4 x + 36 + 6 x$
Combine like terms.		$10 x - 10 < 10 x + 36 10 x - 10 < 10 x + 36$
Subtract 10x from both sides to collect the variables on the left.		$10 x - 10 - 10 x < 10 x + 36 - 10 x 10 x - 10 - 10 x < 10 x + 36 - 10 x$
Simplify.		$−10 < 36 −10 < 36$
The x’s are gone, and we have a true statement.		The inequality is an identity. The solution is all real numbers.
Graph the solution on the number line.
Write the solution in interval notation.		$(− \infty, \infty) (− \infty, \infty)$

Try It 2.107

Solve the inequality $4 b - 3 (3 - b) > 5 (b - 6) + 2 b 4 b - 3 (3 - b) > 5 (b - 6) + 2 b$ , graph the solution on the number line, and write the solution in interval notation.

Try It 2.108

Solve the inequality $9 h - 7 (2 - h) < 8 (h + 11) + 8 h 9 h - 7 (2 - h) < 8 (h + 11) + 8 h$ , graph the solution on the number line, and write the solution in interval notation.

We can clear fractions in inequalities much as we did in equations. Again, be careful with the signs when multiplying or dividing by a negative.

Example 2.55

Solve the inequality $\frac{1}{3} a - \frac{1}{8} a > \frac{5}{24} a + \frac{3}{4}, \frac{1}{3} a - \frac{1}{8} a > \frac{5}{24} a + \frac{3}{4},$ graph the solution on the number line, and write the solution in interval notation.

Show solution

Solution


Multiply both sides by the LCD, 24, to clear the fractions.
Simplify.
Combine like terms.
Subtract $5 a 5 a$ from both sides to collect the variables on the left.
Simplify.
The statement is false.	The inequality is a contradiction. There is no solution.
Graph the solution on the number line.
Write the solution in interval notation.	There is no solution.

Try It 2.109

Solve the inequality $\frac{1}{4} x - \frac{1}{12} x > \frac{1}{6} x + \frac{7}{8} \frac{1}{4} x - \frac{1}{12} x > \frac{1}{6} x + \frac{7}{8}$ , graph the solution on the number line, and write the solution in interval notation.

Try It 2.110

Solve the inequality $\frac{2}{5} z - \frac{1}{3} z < \frac{1}{15} z - \frac{3}{5} \frac{2}{5} z - \frac{1}{3} z < \frac{1}{15} z - \frac{3}{5}$ , graph the solution on the number line, and write the solution in interval notation.

Translate to an Inequality and Solve

To translate English sentences into inequalities, we need to recognize the phrases that indicate the inequality. Some words are easy, like “more than” and “less than.” But others are not as obvious. Table 2.2 shows some common phrases that indicate inequalities.

$> >$	$\geq \geq$	$< <$	$\leq \leq$
is greater than is more than is larger than exceeds	is greater than or equal to is at least is no less than is the minimum	is less than is smaller than has fewer than is lower than	is less than or equal to is at most is no more than is the maximum

Table 2.2

Example 2.56

Translate and solve. Then graph the solution on the number line, and write the solution in interval notation.

Twenty-seven less than x is at least 48. Twenty-seven less than

Show solution

Solution


Translate.
Solve—add 27 to both sides.
Simplify.
Graph on the number line.
Write in interval notation.

Try It 2.111

Translate and solve. Then graph the solution on the number line, and write the solution in interval notation.

Nineteen less than p is no less than 47.

Try It 2.112

Translate and solve. Then graph the solution on the number line, and write the solution in interval notation.

Four more than a is at most 15.

Solve Applications with Linear Inequalities

Many real-life situations require us to solve inequalities. The method we will use to solve applications with linear inequalities is very much like the one we used when we solved applications with equations.

We will read the problem and make sure all the words are understood. Next, we will identify what we are looking for and assign a variable to represent it. We will restate the problem in one sentence to make it easy to translate into an inequality. Then, we will solve the inequality.

Sometimes an application requires the solution to be a whole number, but the algebraic solution to the inequality is not a whole number. In that case, we must round the algebraic solution to a whole number. The context of the application will determine whether we round up or down.

Example 2.57

Dawn won a mini-grant of $4,000 to buy tablet computers for her classroom. The tablets she would like to buy cost $254.12 each, including tax and delivery. What is the maximum number of tablets Dawn can buy?

Show solution

Solution

$\begin{matrix} Step 1. Read the problem. \\ Step 2. Identify what you are looking for. & the maximum number of tablets Dawn can buy \\ \begin{matrix} Step 3. Name what you are looking for. \\ Choose a variable to represent that \\ quantity. \end{matrix} & Let n = the number of tablets. \\ \begin{matrix} Step 4. Translate . Write a sentence that gives the \\ information to find it. \\ Translate into an inequality. \end{matrix} & \begin{matrix} $254.12 times the number of tablets is \\ no more than $4,000. \\ 254.12 n \leq 4000 \end{matrix} \\ \begin{matrix} Step 5. Solve the inequality. \\ But n must be a whole number of \\ tablets, so round to 15. \end{matrix} & \begin{matrix} n \leq 15.74 \\ n \leq 15 \end{matrix} \\ \begin{matrix} Step 6. Check the answer in the problem \\ and make sure it makes sense. \\ Rounding down the price to $250, 15 \\ tablets would cost $3,750, while 16 \\ tablets would be $4,000. So a \\ maximum of 15 tablets at $254.12 \\ seems reasonable. \end{matrix} \\ Step 7. Answer the question with a complete sentence. & Dawn can buy a maximum of 15 tablets. \end{matrix} \begin{matrix} Step 1. Read \\ Step 2. Identify & the maximum number of tablets Dawn can buy \\ \begin{matrix} Step 3. Name \end{matrix} & Let \\ \begin{matrix} Step 4. Translate . Write a sentence that gives the \\ information to find it. \end{matrix} & \begin{matrix} $254.12 times the number of tablets is \\ no more than $4,000. \end{matrix} \\ \begin{matrix} Step 5. Solve \end{matrix} & \begin{matrix} n \leq 15.74 \\ n \leq 15 \end{matrix} \\ \begin{matrix} Step 6. Check \\ and make sure it makes sense. \end{matrix} \\ Step 7. Answer & Dawn can buy a maximum of 15 tablets. \end{matrix}$

Try It 2.113

Angie has $20 to spend on juice boxes for her son’s preschool picnic. Each pack of juice boxes costs $2.63. What is the maximum number of packs she can buy?

Try It 2.114

Daniel wants to surprise his girlfriend with a birthday party at her favorite restaurant. It will cost $42.75 per person for dinner, including tip and tax. His budget for the party is $500. What is the maximum number of people Daniel can have at the party?

Example 2.58

Taleisha’s phone plan costs her $28.80 a month plus $0.20 per text message. How many text messages can she send/receive and keep her monthly phone bill no more than $50?

Show solution

Solution

$\begin{matrix} Step 1. Read the problem. \\ Step 2. Identify what you are looking for. & the number of text messages Taleisha can make \\ \begin{matrix} Step 3. Name what you are looking for. \\ Choose a variable to represent that \\ quantity. \end{matrix} & Let t = the number of text messages. \\ \begin{matrix} Step 4. Translate Write a sentence that \\ gives the information to find it. \\ Translate into an inequality. \end{matrix} & \begin{matrix} $28.80 plus $0.20 times the number of \\ text messages is less than or equal to $50. \\ 28.80 + 0.20 t \leq 50 \end{matrix} \\ \begin{matrix} Step 5. Solve the inequality. \end{matrix} & \begin{matrix} 0.2 t \leq 21.2 \\ t \leq 106 text messages \end{matrix} \\ \begin{matrix} Step 6. Check the answer in the problem \\ and make sure it makes sense. \\ Yes, 28.80 + 0.20 (106) = 50 . \end{matrix} \\ \begin{matrix} Step 7. Write a sentence that answers the question. \end{matrix} & \begin{matrix} Taleisha can send/receive no more than \\ 106 text messages to keep her bill no \\ more than $50. \end{matrix} \end{matrix} \begin{matrix} Step 1. Read \\ Step 2. Identify & the number of text messages Taleisha can make \\ \begin{matrix} Step 3. Name \end{matrix} & Let \\ \begin{matrix} Step 4. Translate \\ gives the information to find it. \end{matrix} & \begin{matrix} $28.80 plus $0.20 times the number of \\ text messages is less than or equal to $50. \\ 28.80 + 0.20 t \leq 50 \end{matrix} \\ \begin{matrix} Step 5. Solve \end{matrix} & \begin{matrix} \end{matrix} \\ \begin{matrix} Step 6. Check \\ and make sure it makes sense. \end{matrix} \\ \begin{matrix} Step 7. Write \end{matrix} & \begin{matrix} Taleisha can send/receive no more than \\ 106 text messages to keep her bill no \\ more than $50. \end{matrix} \end{matrix}$

Try It 2.115

Sergio and Lizeth have a very tight vacation budget. They plan to rent a car from a company that charges $75 a week plus $0.25 a mile. How many miles can they travel during the week and still keep within their $200 budget?

Try It 2.116

Rameen’s heating bill is $5.42 per month plus $1.08 per therm. How many therms can Rameen use if he wants his heating bill to be a maximum of $87.50.

Profit is the money that remains when the costs have been subtracted from the revenue. In the next example, we will find the number of jobs a small businesswoman needs to do every month in order to make a certain amount of profit.

Example 2.59

Felicity has a calligraphy business. She charges $2.50 per wedding invitation. Her monthly expenses are $650. How many invitations must she write to earn a profit of at least $2,800 per month?

Show solution

Solution

$\begin{matrix} Step 1. Read the problem. \\ Step 2. Identify what you are looking for. & the number of invitations Felicity needs to write \\ Step 3. Name what you are looking for. & Let j = the number of invitations. \\ Choose a variable to represent it. \\ \begin{matrix} Step 4. Translate. Write a sentence that \\ gives the information to find it. \\ Translate into an inequality. \end{matrix} & \begin{matrix} $2.50 times the number of invitations \\ minus $650 is at least $2,800. \\ 2.50 j - 650 \geq 2,800 \end{matrix} \\ \begin{matrix} Step 5. Solve the inequality. \end{matrix} & \begin{matrix} 2.5 j \geq 3,450 \\ j \geq 1,380 invitations \end{matrix} \\ \begin{matrix} Step 6. Check the answer in the problem \\ and make sure it makes sense. \\ If Felicity wrote 1400 invitations, her \\ profit would be 2.50 (1400) - 650, or \\ $2,850. This is more than $2800. \end{matrix} \\ Step 7. Write a sentence that answers the question. & Felicity must write at least 1,380 invitations. \end{matrix} \begin{matrix} Step 1. Read \\ Step 2. Identify & the number of invitations Felicity needs to write \\ Step 3. Name & Let \\ \begin{matrix} Step 4. Translate. \\ gives the information to find it. \end{matrix} & \begin{matrix} $2.50 times the number of invitations \\ minus $650 is at least $2,800. \end{matrix} & \begin{matrix} Step 5. Solve \end{matrix} & \begin{matrix} \end{matrix} & \begin{matrix} Step 6. Check \\ and make sure it makes sense. \end{matrix} & Step 7. Write & Felicity must write at least 1,380 invitations. \end{matrix}$

Try It 2.117

Caleb has a pet sitting business. He charges $32 per hour. His monthly expenses are $2,272. How many hours must he work in order to earn a profit of at least $800 per month?

Try It 2.118

Elliot has a landscape maintenance business. His monthly expenses are $1,100. If he charges $60 per job, how many jobs must he do to earn a profit of at least $4,000 a month?

There are many situations in which several quantities contribute to the total expense. We must make sure to account for all the individual expenses when we solve problems like this.

Example 2.60

Malik is planning a six-day summer vacation trip. He has $840 in savings, and he earns $45 per hour for tutoring. The trip will cost him $525 for airfare, $780 for food and sightseeing, and $95 per night for the hotel. How many hours must he tutor to have enough money to pay for the trip?

Show solution

Solution

$\begin{matrix} Step 1. Read the problem. \\ Step 2. Identify what you are looking for. & the number of hours Malik must tutor \\ \begin{matrix} Step 3. Name what you are looking for. \\ Choose a variable to represent that \\ quantity. \end{matrix} & Let h = the number of hours. \\ \begin{matrix} \begin{matrix} Step 4. Translate. Write a sentence that \\ gives the information to find it. \end{matrix} \end{matrix} & \begin{matrix} The expenses must be less than or equal to \\ the income. The cost of airfare plus the \\ cost of food and sightseeing and the hotel \\ bill must be less than the savings plus the \\ amount earned tutoring. \end{matrix} \\ Translate into an inequality. & 525 + 780 + 95 (6) \leq 840 + 45 h \\ \begin{matrix} Step 5. Solve the inequality. \end{matrix} & \begin{matrix} 1,875 \leq 840 + 45 h \\ 1,035 \leq 45 h \\ 23 \leq h \\ h \geq 23 \end{matrix} \\ \begin{matrix} Step 6. Check the answer in the problem \\ and make sure it makes sense. \\ We substitute 23 into the inequality. \\ 1,875 \leq 840 + 45 h \\ 1,875 \leq 840 + 45 (23) \\ 1,875 \leq 1875 \end{matrix} \\ Step 7. Write a sentence that answers the question. & Malik must tutor at least 23 hours. \end{matrix} \begin{matrix} Step 1. Read \\ Step 2. Identify & the number of hours Malik must tutor \\ \begin{matrix} Step 3. Name \end{matrix} & Let \\ \begin{matrix} \begin{matrix} Step 4. Translate. \\ gives the information to find it. \end{matrix} \end{matrix} & \begin{matrix} The expenses must be less than or equal to \\ the income. The cost of airfare plus the \\ cost of food and sightseeing and the hotel \\ bill must be less than the savings plus the \\ amount earned tutoring. \end{matrix} \\ 525 + 780 + 95 (6) \leq 840 + 45 h & \begin{matrix} Step 5. Solve \end{matrix} & \begin{matrix} Step 6. Check \\ and make sure it makes sense. \\ We substitute 23 into the inequality. \end{matrix} & Step 7. Write & Malik must tutor at least 23 hours. \end{matrix}$

Try It 2.119

Brenda’s best friend is having a destination wedding and the event will last three days. Brenda has $500 in savings and can earn $15 an hour babysitting. She expects to pay $350 airfare, $375 for food and entertainment and $60 a night for her share of a hotel room. How many hours must she babysit to have enough money to pay for the trip?

Try It 2.120

Josue wants to go on a 10-night road trip with friends next spring. It will cost him $180 for gas, $450 for food, and $49 per night to share a motel room. He has $520 in savings and can earn $30 per driveway shoveling snow. How many driveways must he shovel to have enough money to pay for the trip?

Practice Makes Perfect

Graph Inequalities on the Number Line

In the following exercises, graph each inequality on the number line and write in interval notation.

296.

ⓐ $x < −2 x < −2$
ⓑ $x \geq −3.5 x \geq −3.5$
ⓒ $x \leq \frac{2}{3} x \leq \frac{2}{3}$

297.

ⓐ $x > 3 x > 3$
ⓑ $x \leq −0.5 x \leq −0.5$
ⓒ $x \geq \frac{1}{3} x \geq \frac{1}{3}$

298.

ⓐ $x \geq −4 x \geq −4$
ⓑ $x < 2.5 x < 2.5$
ⓒ $x > - \frac{3}{2} x > - \frac{3}{2}$

299.

ⓐ $x \leq 5 x \leq 5$
ⓑ $x \geq −1.5 x \geq −1.5$
ⓒ $x < - \frac{7}{3} x < - \frac{7}{3}$

300.

ⓐ $−5 < x < 2 −5 < x < 2$
ⓑ $−3 \leq x < −1 −3 \leq x < −1$
ⓒ $0 \leq x \leq 1.5 0 \leq x \leq 1.5$

301.

ⓐ $−2 < x < 0 −2 < x < 0$
ⓑ $−5 \leq x < −3 −5 \leq x < −3$
ⓒ $0 \leq x \leq 3.5 0 \leq x \leq 3.5$

302.

ⓐ $−1 < x < 3 −1 < x < 3$
ⓑ $−3 < x \leq −2 −3 < x \leq −2$
ⓒ $−1.25 \leq x \leq 0 −1.25 \leq x \leq 0$

303.

ⓐ $−4 < x < 2 −4 < x < 2$
ⓑ $−5 < x \leq −2 −5 < x \leq −2$
ⓒ $−3.75 \leq x \leq 0 −3.75 \leq x \leq 0$

Solve Linear Inequalities

In the following exercises, solve each inequality, graph the solution on the number line, and write the solution in interval notation.

304.

ⓐ $a + \frac{3}{4} \geq \frac{7}{10} a + \frac{3}{4} \geq \frac{7}{10}$
ⓑ $8 x > 72 8 x > 72$
ⓒ $20 > \frac{2}{5} h 20 > \frac{2}{5} h$

305.

ⓐ $b + \frac{7}{8} \geq \frac{1}{6} b + \frac{7}{8} \geq \frac{1}{6}$
ⓑ $6 y < 48 6 y < 48$
ⓒ $40 < \frac{5}{8} k 40 < \frac{5}{8} k$

306.

ⓐ $f - \frac{13}{20} < - \frac{5}{12} f - \frac{13}{20} < - \frac{5}{12}$
ⓑ $9 t \geq −27 9 t \geq −27$
ⓒ $\frac{7}{6} j \geq 42 \frac{7}{6} j \geq 42$

307.

ⓐ $g - \frac{11}{12} < - \frac{5}{18} g - \frac{11}{12} < - \frac{5}{18}$
ⓑ $7 s < −28 7 s < −28$
ⓒ $\frac{9}{4} g \leq 36 \frac{9}{4} g \leq 36$

308.

ⓐ $−5 u \geq 65 −5 u \geq 65$
ⓑ $\frac{a}{−3} \leq 9 \frac{a}{−3} \leq 9$

309.

ⓐ $−8 v \leq 96 −8 v \leq 96$
ⓑ $\frac{b}{−10} \geq 30 \frac{b}{−10} \geq 30$

310.

ⓐ $−9 c < 126 −9 c < 126$
ⓑ $−25 < \frac{p}{−5} −25 < \frac{p}{−5}$

311.

ⓐ $−7 d > 105 −7 d > 105$
ⓑ $−18 > \frac{q}{−6} −18 > \frac{q}{−6}$

In the following exercises, solve each inequality, graph the solution on the number line, and write the solution in interval notation.

312.

$4 v \geq 9 v - 40 4 v \geq 9 v - 40$

313.

$5 u \leq 8 u - 21 5 u \leq 8 u - 21$

314.

$13 q < 7 q - 29 13 q < 7 q - 29$

315.

$9 p > 14 p - 18 9 p > 14 p - 18$

316.

$12 x + 3 (x + 7) > 10 x - 24 12 x + 3 (x + 7) > 10 x - 24$

317.

$9 y + 5 (y + 3) < 4 y - 35 9 y + 5 (y + 3) < 4 y - 35$

318.

$6 h - 4 (h - 1) \leq 7 h - 11 6 h - 4 (h - 1) \leq 7 h - 11$

319.

$4 k - (k - 2) \geq 7 k - 26 4 k - (k - 2) \geq 7 k - 26$

320.

$8 m - 2 (14 - m) \geq 7 (m - 4) + 3 m 8 m - 2 (14 - m) \geq 7 (m - 4) + 3 m$

321.

$6 n - 12 (3 - n) \leq 9 (n - 4) + 9 n 6 n - 12 (3 - n) \leq 9 (n - 4) + 9 n$

322.

$\frac{3}{4} b - \frac{1}{3} b < \frac{5}{12} b - \frac{1}{2} \frac{3}{4} b - \frac{1}{3} b < \frac{5}{12} b - \frac{1}{2}$

323.

$9 u + 5 (2 u - 5) \geq 12 (u - 1) + 7 u 9 u + 5 (2 u - 5) \geq 12 (u - 1) + 7 u$

324.

$\frac{2}{3} g - \frac{1}{2} (g - 14) \leq \frac{1}{6} (g + 42) \frac{2}{3} g - \frac{1}{2} (g - 14) \leq \frac{1}{6} (g + 42)$

325.

$\frac{4}{5} h - \frac{2}{3} (h - 9) \geq \frac{1}{15} (2 h + 90) \frac{4}{5} h - \frac{2}{3} (h - 9) \geq \frac{1}{15} (2 h + 90)$

326.

$\frac{5}{6} a - \frac{1}{4} a > \frac{7}{12} a + \frac{2}{3} \frac{5}{6} a - \frac{1}{4} a > \frac{7}{12} a + \frac{2}{3}$

327.

$12 v + 3 (4 v - 1) \leq 19 (v - 2) + 5 v 12 v + 3 (4 v - 1) \leq 19 (v - 2) + 5 v$

In the following exercises, solve each inequality, graph the solution on the number line, and write the solution in interval notation.

328.

$15 k \leq −40 15 k \leq −40$

329.

$35 k \geq −77 35 k \geq −77$

330.

$23 p - 2 (6 - 5 p) > 3 (11 p - 4) 23 p - 2 (6 - 5 p) > 3 (11 p - 4)$

331.

$18 q - 4 (10 - 3 q) < 5 (6 q - 8) 18 q - 4 (10 - 3 q) < 5 (6 q - 8)$

332.

$- \frac{9}{4} x \geq - \frac{5}{12} - \frac{9}{4} x \geq - \frac{5}{12}$

333.

$- \frac{21}{8} y \leq - \frac{15}{28} - \frac{21}{8} y \leq - \frac{15}{28}$

334.

$c + 34 < −99 c + 34 < −99$

335.

$d + 29 > −61 d + 29 > −61$

336.

$\frac{m}{18} \geq −4 \frac{m}{18} \geq −4$

337.

$\frac{n}{13} \leq −6 \frac{n}{13} \leq −6$

Translate to an Inequality and Solve

In the following exercises, translate and solve. Then graph the solution on the number line and write the solution in interval notation.

338.

Three more than h is no less than 25.

339.

Six more than k exceeds 25.

340.

Ten less than w is at least 39.

341.

Twelve less than x is no less than 21.

342.

Negative five times r is no more than 95.

343.

Negative two times s is lower than 56.

344.

Nineteen less than b is at most $−22 . −22 .$

345.

Fifteen less than a is at least $−7 . −7 .$

Solve Applications with Linear Inequalities

In the following exercises, solve.

346.

Alan is loading a pallet with boxes that each weighs 45 pounds. The pallet can safely support no more than 900 pounds. How many boxes can he safely load onto the pallet?

347.

The elevator in Yehire’s apartment building has a sign that says the maximum weight is 2100 pounds. If the average weight of one person is 150 pounds, how many people can safely ride the elevator?

348.

Andre is looking at apartments with three of his friends. They want the monthly rent to be no more than $2,360. If the roommates split the rent evenly among the four of them, what is the maximum rent each will pay?

349.

Arleen got a $20 gift card for the coffee shop. Her favorite iced drink costs $3.79. What is the maximum number of drinks she can buy with the gift card?

350.

Teegan likes to play golf. He has budgeted $60 next month for the driving range. It costs him $10.55 for a bucket of balls each time he goes. What is the maximum number of times he can go to the driving range next month?

351.

Ryan charges his neighbors $17.50 to wash their car. How many cars must he wash next summer if his goal is to earn at least $1,500?

352.

Keshad gets paid $2,400 per month plus 6% of his sales. His brother earns $3,300 per month. For what amount of total sales will Keshad’s monthly pay be higher than his brother’s monthly pay?

353.

Kimuyen needs to earn $4,150 per month in order to pay all her expenses. Her job pays her $3,475 per month plus 4% of her total sales. What is the minimum Kimuyen’s total sales must be in order for her to pay all her expenses?

354.

Andre has been offered an entry-level job. The company offered him $48,000 per year plus 3.5% of his total sales. Andre knows that the average pay for this job is $62,000. What would Andre’s total sales need to be for his pay to be at least as high as the average pay for this job?

355.

Nataly is considering two job offers. The first job would pay her $83,000 per year. The second would pay her $66,500 plus 15% of her total sales. What would her total sales need to be for her salary on the second offer be higher than the first?

356.

Jake’s water bill is $24.80 per month plus $2.20 per ccf (hundred cubic feet) of water. What is the maximum number of ccf Jake can use if he wants his bill to be no more than $60?

357.

Kiyoshi’s phone plan costs $17.50 per month plus $0.15 per text message. What is the maximum number of text messages Kiyoshi can use so the phone bill is no more than $56.60?

358.

Marlon’s TV plan costs $49.99 per month plus $5.49 per first-run movie. How many first-run movies can he watch if he wants to keep his monthly bill to be a maximum of $100?

359.

Kellen wants to rent a banquet room in a restaurant for her cousin’s baby shower. The restaurant charges $350 for the banquet room plus $32.50 per person for lunch. How many people can Kellen have at the shower if she wants the maximum cost to be $1,500?

360.

Moshde runs a hairstyling business from her house. She charges $45 for a haircut and style. Her monthly expenses are $960. She wants to be able to put at least $1,200 per month into her savings account order to open her own salon. How many “cut & styles” must she do to save at least $1,200 per month?

361.

Noe installs and configures software on home computers. He charges $125 per job. His monthly expenses are $1,600. How many jobs must he work in order to make a profit of at least $2,400?

362.

Katherine is a personal chef. She charges $115 per four-person meal. Her monthly expenses are $3,150. How many four-person meals must she sell in order to make a profit of at least $1,900?

363.

Melissa makes necklaces and sells them online. She charges $88 per necklace. Her monthly expenses are $3,745. How many necklaces must she sell if she wants to make a profit of at least $1,650?

364.

Five student government officers want to go to the state convention. It will cost them $110 for registration, $375 for transportation and food, and $42 per person for the hotel. There is $450 budgeted for the convention in the student government savings account. They can earn the rest of the money they need by having a car wash. If they charge $5 per car, how many cars must they wash in order to have enough money to pay for the trip?

365.

Cesar is planning a four-day trip to visit his friend at a college in another state. It will cost him $198 for airfare, $56 for local transportation, and $45 per day for food. He has $189 in savings and can earn $35 for each lawn he mows. How many lawns must he mow to have enough money to pay for the trip?

366.

Alonzo works as a car detailer. He charges $175 per car. He is planning to move out of his parents’ house and rent his first apartment. He will need to pay $120 for application fees, $950 for security deposit, and first and last months’ rent at $1,140 per month. He has $1,810 in savings. How many cars must he detail to have enough money to rent the apartment?

367.

Eun-Kyung works as a tutor and earns $60 per hour. She has $792 in savings. She is planning an anniversary party for her parents. She would like to invite 40 guests. The party will cost her $1,520 for food and drinks and $150 for the photographer. She will also have a favor for each of the guests, and each favor will cost $7.50. How many hours must she tutor to have enough money for the party?

Everyday Math

368.

Maximum load on a stage In 2014, a high school stage collapsed in Fullerton, California, when 250 students got on stage for the finale of a musical production. Two dozen students were injured. The stage could support a maximum of 12,750 pounds. If the average weight of a student is assumed to be 140 pounds, what is the maximum number of students who could safely be on the stage?

369.

Maximum weight on a boat In 2004, a water taxi sank in Baltimore harbor and five people drowned. The water taxi had a maximum capacity of 3,500 pounds (25 people with average weight 140 pounds). The average weight of the 25 people on the water taxi when it sank was 168 pounds per person. What should the maximum number of people of this weight have been?

370.

Wedding budget Adele and Walter found the perfect venue for their wedding reception. The cost is $9850 for up to 100 guests, plus $38 for each additional guest. How many guests can attend if Adele and Walter want the total cost to be no more than $12,500?

371.

Shower budget Penny is planning a baby shower for her daughter-in-law. The restaurant charges $950 for up to 25 guests, plus $31.95 for each additional guest. How many guests can attend if Penny wants the total cost to be no more than $1,500?

Writing Exercises

372.

Explain why it is necessary to reverse the inequality when solving $−5 x > 10 . −5 x > 10 .$

373.

Explain why it is necessary to reverse the inequality when solving $\frac{n}{−3} < 12 . \frac{n}{−3} < 12 .$

374.

Find your last month’s phone bill and the hourly salary you are paid at your job. Calculate the number of hours of work it would take you to earn at least enough money to pay your phone bill by writing an appropriate inequality and then solving it. Do you feel this is an appropriate number of hours? Is this the appropriate phone plan for you?

375.

Find out how many units you have left, after this term, to achieve your college goal and estimate the number of units you can take each term in college. Calculate the number of terms it will take you to achieve your college goal by writing an appropriate inequality and then solving it. Is this an acceptable number of terms until you meet your goal? What are some ways you could accelerate this process?

Self Check

ⓐ After completing the exercises, use this checklist to evaluate your mastery of the objectives of this section.

This table has four columns and five rows. The first row is a header and it labels each column, “I can…”, “Confidently,” “With some help,” and “No-I don’t get it!” In row 2, the I can was graph inequalities on the number line. In row 3, the I can was solve linear inequalities. In row 4, the I can was translate words to an inequality and solve. In row 5, the I can was solve applications with linear inequalities.

ⓑ After looking at the checklist, do you think you are well-prepared for the next section? Why or why not?