Contents

Preface
1Prerequisites
2Equations and Inequalities
3Functions
4Linear Functions
5Polynomial and Rational Functions
6Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
7The Unit Circle: Sine and Cosine Functions
8Periodic Functions
9Trigonometric Identities and Equations
10Further Applications of Trigonometry
11Systems of Equations and Inequalities
12Analytic Geometry
13Sequences, Probability, and Counting Theory
AProofs, Identities, and Toolkit Functions
Answer Key
Index

Sum-to-Product and Product-to-Sum Formulas

Learning Objectives

In this section, you will:

Express products as sums.
Express sums as products.

Figure 1 The UCLA marching band (credit: Eric Chan, Flickr).

A band marches down the field creating an amazing sound that bolsters the crowd. That sound travels as a wave that can be interpreted using trigonometric functions. For example, Figure 2 represents a sound wave for the musical note A. In this section, we will investigate trigonometric identities that are the foundation of everyday phenomena such as sound waves.

Graph of a sound wave for the musical note A - it is a periodic function much like sin and cos - from 0 to .01

Figure 2

Expressing Products as Sums

We have already learned a number of formulas useful for expanding or simplifying trigonometric expressions, but sometimes we may need to express the product of cosine and sine as a sum. We can use the product-to-sum formulas, which express products of trigonometric functions as sums. Let’s investigate the cosine identity first and then the sine identity.

Expressing Products as Sums for Cosine

We can derive the product-to-sum formula from the sum and difference identities for cosine. If we add the two equations, we get:

\begin{array}{l} \underset{___________________________________}{\begin{matrix} \cos α \cos β + \sin α \sin β & = & \cos (α - β) \\ + \cos α \cos β - \sin α \sin β & = & \cos (α + β) \end{matrix}} \\ \begin{matrix} 2 \cos α \cos β & = & \cos (α - β) + \cos (α + β) \end{matrix} \end{array} \begin{array}{l} \underset{___________________________________}{\begin{matrix} \cos & = & \cos (α - β) \\ + & = & \cos (α + β) \end{matrix}} \\ \begin{matrix} = & \cos (α - β) + \cos (α + β) \end{matrix} \end{array}

Then, we divide by $22$ to isolate the product of cosines:

\cos α \cos β = \frac{1}{2} [\cos (α - β) + \cos (α + β)] \cos

How To

Given a product of cosines, express as a sum.

Write the formula for the product of cosines.
Substitute the given angles into the formula.
Simplify.

Example 1

Writing the Product as a Sum Using the Product-to-Sum Formula for Cosine

Write the following product of cosines as a sum: $2 \cos (\frac{7 x}{2}) \cos \frac{3 x}{2} . 2$

Show solution

Solution

We begin by writing the formula for the product of cosines:

\cos α \cos β = \frac{1}{2} [\cos (α - β) + \cos (α + β)] \cos

We can then substitute the given angles into the formula and simplify.

\begin{matrix} 2 \cos (\frac{7 x}{2}) \cos (\frac{3 x}{2}) & = & (2) (\frac{1}{2}) [\cos (\frac{7 x}{2} - \frac{3 x}{2})) + \cos (\frac{7 x}{2} + \frac{3 x}{2})] \\ = & [\cos (\frac{4 x}{2}) + \cos (\frac{10 x}{2})] \\ = & \cos 2 x + \cos 5 x \end{matrix} \begin{matrix} 2 & = & (2) (\frac{1}{2}) [\cos (\frac{7 x}{2} - \frac{3 x}{2})) + \cos (\frac{7 x}{2} + \frac{3 x}{2})] \\ = [\cos (\frac{4 x}{2}) + \cos (\frac{10 x}{2})] \\ = \cos \end{matrix}

Try It #1

Use the product-to-sum formula to write the product as a sum or difference: $\cos (2 θ) \cos (4 θ) . \cos (2 θ) \cos (4 θ) .$

Expressing the Product of Sine and Cosine as a Sum

Next, we will derive the product-to-sum formula for sine and cosine from the sum and difference formulas for sine. If we add the sum and difference identities, we get:

\begin{array}{l} \underset{_________________________________________}{\begin{matrix} \sin (α + β) & = & \sin α \cos β + \cos α \sin β \\ + & \sin (α - β) & = & \sin α \cos β - \cos α \sin β \end{matrix}} \\ \begin{matrix} \sin (α + β) + \sin (α - β) & = & 2 \sin α \cos β \end{matrix} \end{array} \begin{array}{l} \underset{_________________________________________}{\begin{matrix} \sin (α + β) = \sin \\ + & = & \sin \end{matrix}} \\ \begin{matrix} = & 2 \end{matrix} \end{array}

Then, we divide by 2 to isolate the product of cosine and sine:

\sin α \cos β = \frac{1}{2} [\sin (α + β) + \sin (α - β)] \sin

Example 2

Writing the Product as a Sum Containing only Sine or Cosine

Express the following product as a sum containing only sine or cosine and no products: $\sin (4 θ) \cos (2 θ) . \sin (4 θ) \cos (2 θ) .$

Show solution

Solution

Write the formula for the product of sine and cosine. Then substitute the given values into the formula and simplify.

\begin{matrix} \sin α \cos β & = & \frac{1}{2} [\sin (α + β) + \sin (α - β)] \\ \sin (4 θ) \cos (2 θ) & = & \frac{1}{2} [\sin (4 θ + 2 θ) + \sin (4 θ - 2 θ)] \\ = & \frac{1}{2} [\sin (6 θ) + \sin (2 θ)] \end{matrix} \begin{matrix} \sin & = & \frac{1}{2} [\sin (α + β) + \sin (α - β)] \\ \sin (4 θ) \cos (2 θ) & = & \frac{1}{2} [\sin (4 θ + 2 θ) + \sin (4 θ - 2 θ)] \\ = \frac{1}{2} [\sin (6 θ) + \sin (2 θ)] \end{matrix}

Try It #2

Use the product-to-sum formula to write the product as a sum: $\sin (x + y) \cos (x - y) . \sin (x + y) \cos (x - y) .$

Expressing Products of Sines in Terms of Cosine

Expressing the product of sines in terms of cosine is also derived from the sum and difference identities for cosine. In this case, we will first subtract the two cosine formulas:

\begin{array}{l} \underset{____________________________________________________}{\begin{array}{l} \begin{array}{l} \cos (α - β) = \cos α \cos β + \sin α \sin β \end{array} \\ - \cos (α + β) = - (\cos α \cos β - \sin α \sin β) \end{array}} \\ \cos (α - β) - \cos (α + β) = 2 \sin α \sin β \end{array} \begin{array}{l} \underset{____________________________________________________}{\begin{array}{l} \begin{array}{l} \cos (α - β) = \cos \end{array} \\ - \end{array}} \\ \cos (α - β) - \cos (α + β) = 2 \end{array}

Then, we divide by 2 to isolate the product of sines:

\sin α \sin β = \frac{1}{2} [\cos (α - β) - \cos (α + β)] \sin

Similarly we could express the product of cosines in terms of sine or derive other product-to-sum formulas.

The Product-to-Sum Formulas

The product-to-sum formulas are as follows:

\begin{matrix} \cos α \cos β & = & \frac{1}{2} [\cos (α - β) + \cos (α + β)] \end{matrix} \begin{matrix} = & \frac{1}{2} [\cos (α - β) + \cos (α + β)] \end{matrix}

\begin{matrix} \sin α \cos β & = & \frac{1}{2} [\sin (α + β) + \sin (α - β)] \end{matrix} \begin{matrix} \sin & = & \frac{1}{2} [\sin (α + β) + \sin (α - β)] \end{matrix}

\begin{matrix} \sin α \sin β & = & \frac{1}{2} [\cos (α - β) - \cos (α + β)] \end{matrix} \begin{matrix} = & \frac{1}{2} [\cos (α - β) - \cos (α + β)] \end{matrix}

\begin{matrix} \cos α \sin β & = & \frac{1}{2} [\sin (α + β) - \sin (α - β)] \end{matrix} \begin{matrix} \cos & = & \frac{1}{2} [\sin (α + β) - \sin (α - β)] \end{matrix}

Example 3

Express the Product as a Sum or Difference

Write $\cos (3 θ) \cos (5 θ) \cos (3 θ)$ as a sum or difference.

Show solution

Solution

We have the product of cosines, so we begin by writing the related formula. Then we substitute the given angles and simplify.

\begin{matrix} \cos α \cos β & = & \frac{1}{2} [\cos (α - β) + \cos (α + β)] \\ \cos (3 θ) \cos (5 θ) & = & \frac{1}{2} [\cos (3 θ - 5 θ) + \cos (3 θ + 5 θ)] \\ = & \frac{1}{2} [\cos (2 θ) + \cos (8 θ)] & Use even-odd identity . \end{matrix} \begin{matrix} \cos & = & \frac{1}{2} [\cos (α - β) + \cos (α + β)] \\ \cos (3 θ) \cos (5 θ) & = & \frac{1}{2} [\cos (3 θ - 5 θ) + \cos (3 θ + 5 θ)] \\ = \frac{1}{2} [\cos (2 θ) + \cos (8 θ)] Use even-odd identity . \end{matrix}

Try It #3

Use the product-to-sum formula to evaluate $\cos \frac{11 π}{12} \cos \frac{π}{12} . \cos$

Expressing Sums as Products

Some problems require the reverse of the process we just used. The sum-to-product formulas allow us to express sums of sine or cosine as products. These formulas can be derived from the product-to-sum identities. For example, with a few substitutions, we can derive the sum-to-product identity for sine. Let $\frac{u + v}{2} = α \frac{u + v}{2} = α$ and $\frac{u - v}{2} = β . \frac{u - v}{2} = β .$

Then,

\begin{matrix} α + β & = & \frac{u + v}{2} + \frac{u - v}{2} \\ = & \frac{2 u}{2} \\ = & u \\ α - β & = & \frac{u + v}{2} - \frac{u - v}{2} \\ = & \frac{2 v}{2} \\ = & v \end{matrix} \begin{matrix} α + β & = & \frac{u + v}{2} + \frac{u - v}{2} \\ = \frac{2 u}{2} \\ = u \end{matrix}

Thus, replacing $α α$ and $β β$ in the product-to-sum formula with the substitute expressions, we have

\begin{matrix} \sin α \cos β & = & \frac{1}{2} [\sin (α + β) + \sin (α - β)] \\ \sin (\frac{u + v}{2}) \cos (\frac{u - v}{2}) & = & \frac{1}{2} [\sin u + \sin v] & Substitute for (α + β) and (α - β) \\ 2 \sin (\frac{u + v}{2}) \cos (\frac{u - v}{2}) & = & \sin u + \sin v \end{matrix} \begin{matrix} \sin & = & \frac{1}{2} [\sin (α + β) + \sin (α - β)] \\ \sin (\frac{u + v}{2}) \cos (\frac{u - v}{2}) & = & \frac{1}{2} [\sin & Substitute for (α + β) and (α - β) \\ 2 & = & \sin \end{matrix}

The other sum-to-product identities are derived similarly.

Sum-to-Product Formulas

The sum-to-product formulas are as follows:

\begin{matrix} \sin α + \sin β & = & 2 \sin (\frac{α + β}{2}) \cos (\frac{α - β}{2}) \end{matrix} \begin{matrix} = & 2 \sin (\frac{α + β}{2}) \cos (\frac{α - β}{2}) \end{matrix}

\begin{matrix} \sin α - \sin β & = & 2 \sin (\frac{α - β}{2}) \cos (\frac{α + β}{2}) \end{matrix} \begin{matrix} = & 2 \sin (\frac{α - β}{2}) \cos (\frac{α + β}{2}) \end{matrix}

\begin{matrix} \cos α - \cos β & = & −2 \sin (\frac{α + β}{2}) \sin (\frac{α - β}{2}) \end{matrix} \begin{matrix} = & −2 \sin (\frac{α + β}{2}) \sin (\frac{α - β}{2}) \end{matrix}

\begin{matrix} \cos α + \cos β & = & 2 \cos (\frac{α + β}{2}) \cos (\frac{α - β}{2}) \end{matrix} \begin{matrix} \cos & = & 2 \cos (\frac{α + β}{2}) \cos (\frac{α - β}{2}) \end{matrix}

Example 4

Writing the Difference of Sines as a Product

Write the following difference of sines expression as a product: $\sin (4 θ) - \sin (2 θ) . \sin (4 θ) - \sin (2 θ) .$

Show solution

Solution

We begin by writing the formula for the difference of sines.

\sin α - \sin β = 2 \sin (\frac{α - β}{2}) \cos (\frac{α + β}{2}) \sin

Substitute the values into the formula, and simplify.

\begin{matrix} \sin (4 θ) - \sin (2 θ) & = & 2 \sin (\frac{4 θ - 2 θ}{2}) \cos (\frac{4 θ + 2 θ}{2}) \\ = & 2 \sin (\frac{2 θ}{2}) \cos (\frac{6 θ}{2}) \\ = & 2 \sin θ \cos (3 θ) \end{matrix} \begin{matrix} \sin (4 θ) - \sin (2 θ) & = & 2 \sin (\frac{4 θ - 2 θ}{2}) \\ = 2 \sin (\frac{2 θ}{2}) \\ = 2 \end{matrix}

Try It #4

Use the sum-to-product formula to write the sum as a product: $\sin (3 θ) + \sin (θ) . \sin (3 θ) + \sin (θ) .$

Example 5

Evaluating Using the Sum-to-Product Formula

Evaluate $\cos (15°) - \cos (75°) . \cos (15°) - \cos (75°) .$ Check the answer with a graphing calculator.

Show solution

Solution

We begin by writing the formula for the difference of cosines.

\cos α - \cos β = - 2 \sin (\frac{α + β}{2}) \sin (\frac{α - β}{2}) \cos

Then we substitute the given angles and simplify.

\begin{matrix} \cos (15°) - \cos (75°) & = & −2 \sin (\frac{15° + 75°}{2}) \sin (\frac{15° - 75°}{2}) \\ = & −2 \sin (45°) \sin (−30°) \\ = & −2 (\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}) (- \frac{1}{2}) \\ = & \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} \end{matrix} \begin{matrix} \cos (15°) - \cos (75°) & = & −2 \sin (\frac{15° + 75°}{2}) \\ = −2 \sin (45°) \\ = −2 (\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}) (- \frac{1}{2}) \\ = \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} \end{matrix}

Example 6

Proving an Identity

Prove the identity:

\frac{\cos (4 t) - \cos (2 t)}{\sin (4 t) + \sin (2 t)} = - \tan t \frac{\cos (4 t) - \cos (2 t)}{\sin (4 t) + \sin (2 t)} = - \tan

Show solution

Solution

We will start with the left side, the more complicated side of the equation, and rewrite the expression until it matches the right side.

\begin{matrix} \frac{\cos (4 t) - \cos (2 t)}{\sin (4 t) + \sin (2 t)} & = & \frac{- 2 \sin (\frac{4 t + 2 t}{2}) \sin (\frac{4 t - 2 t}{2})}{2 \sin (\frac{4 t + 2 t}{2}) \cos (\frac{4 t - 2 t}{2})} \\ = & \frac{- 2 \sin (3 t) \sin t}{2 \sin (3 t) \cos t} \\ = & \frac{- 2 \sin (3 t) \sin t}{2 \sin (3 t) \cos t} \\ = & - \frac{\sin t}{\cos t} \\ = & - \tan t \end{matrix} \begin{matrix} \frac{\cos (4 t) - \cos (2 t)}{\sin (4 t) + \sin (2 t)} & = & \frac{- 2}{2} \\ = \frac{- 2}{2} \\ = \frac{- 2 \sin (3 t) \sin}{2 \sin (3 t) \cos} \\ = - \frac{\sin}{\cos} \\ = - \tan \end{matrix}

Analysis

Recall that verifying trigonometric identities has its own set of rules. The procedures for solving an equation are not the same as the procedures for verifying an identity. When we prove an identity, we pick one side to work on and make substitutions until that side is transformed into the other side.

Example 7

Verifying the Identity Using Double-Angle Formulas and Reciprocal Identities

Verify the identity $\csc^{2} θ - 2 = \frac{\cos (2 θ)}{\sin^{2} θ} . \csc^{2} θ - 2 = \frac{\cos (2 θ)}{\sin^{2} θ} .$

Show solution

Solution

For verifying this equation, we are bringing together several of the identities. We will use the double-angle formula and the reciprocal identities. We will work with the right side of the equation and rewrite it until it matches the left side.

\begin{matrix} \frac{\cos (2 θ)}{\sin^{2} θ} & = & \frac{1 - 2 \sin^{2} θ}{\sin^{2} θ} \\ = & \frac{1}{\sin^{2} θ} - \frac{2 \sin^{2} θ}{\sin^{2} θ} \\ = & \csc^{2} θ - 2 \end{matrix} \begin{matrix} \frac{\cos (2 θ)}{\sin^{2} θ} & = & \frac{1 - 2}{\sin^{2} θ} \\ = \frac{1}{\sin^{2} θ} - \frac{2}{\sin^{2} θ} \\ = \csc^{2} θ - 2 \end{matrix}

Try It #5

Verify the identity $\tan θ \cot θ - \cos^{2} θ = \sin^{2} θ . \tan$

Media

Access these online resources for additional instruction and practice with the product-to-sum and sum-to-product identities.

Verbal

Starting with the product to sum formula $\sin α \cos β = \frac{1}{2} [\sin (α + β) + \sin (α - β)], \sin$ explain how to determine the formula for $\cos α \sin β . \cos$

Provide two different methods of calculating $\cos (195°) \cos (105°), \cos (195°) \cos (105°),$ one of which uses the product to sum. Which method is easier?

Describe a situation where we would convert an equation from a sum to a product and give an example.

Describe a situation where we would convert an equation from a product to a sum, and give an example.

Algebraic

For the following exercises, rewrite the product as a sum or difference.

$16 \sin (16 x) \sin (11 x) 16$

$20 \cos (36 t) \cos (6 t) 20$

$2 \sin (5 x) \cos (3 x) 2$

$10 \cos (5 x) \sin (10 x) 10$

$\sin (- x) \sin (5 x) \sin (- x) \sin (5 x)$

10.

$\sin (3 x) \cos (5 x) \sin (3 x) \cos (5 x)$

For the following exercises, rewrite the sum or difference as a product.

11.

$\cos (6 t) + \cos (4 t) \cos (6 t) + \cos (4 t)$

12.

$\sin (3 x) + \sin (7 x) \sin (3 x) + \sin (7 x)$

13.

$\cos (7 x) + \cos (- 7 x) \cos (7 x) + \cos (- 7 x)$

14.

$\sin (3 x) - \sin (- 3 x) \sin (3 x) - \sin (- 3 x)$

15.

$\cos (3 x) + \cos (9 x) \cos (3 x) + \cos (9 x)$

16.

$\sin h - \sin (3 h) \sin$

For the following exercises, evaluate the product for the following using a sum or difference of two functions. Evaluate exactly.

17.

$\cos (45°) \cos (15°) \cos (45°) \cos (15°)$

18.

$\cos (45°) \sin (15°) \cos (45°) \sin (15°)$

19.

$\sin (−345°) \sin (−15°) \sin (−345°) \sin (−15°)$

20.

$\sin (195°) \cos (15°) \sin (195°) \cos (15°)$

21.

$\sin (−45°) \sin (−15°) \sin (−45°) \sin (−15°)$

For the following exercises, evaluate the product using a sum or difference of two functions. Leave in terms of sine and cosine.

22.

$\cos (23°) \sin (17°) \cos (23°) \sin (17°)$

23.

$2 \sin (100°) \sin (20°) 2$

24.

$2 \sin (−100°) \sin (−20°) 2$

25.

$\sin (213°) \cos (8°) \sin (213°) \cos (8°)$

26.

$2 \cos (56°) \cos (47°) 2$

For the following exercises, rewrite the sum as a product of two functions. Leave in terms of sine and cosine.

27.

$\sin (76°) + \sin (14°) \sin (76°) + \sin (14°)$

28.

$\cos (58°) - \cos (12°) \cos (58°) - \cos (12°)$

29.

$\sin (101°) - \sin (32°) \sin (101°) - \sin (32°)$

30.

$\cos (100°) + \cos (200°) \cos (100°) + \cos (200°)$

31.

$\sin (−1°) + \sin (−2°) \sin (−1°) + \sin (−2°)$

For the following exercises, prove the identity.

32.

$\frac{\cos (a + b)}{\cos (a - b)} = \frac{1 - \tan a \tan b}{1 + \tan a \tan b} \frac{\cos (a + b)}{\cos (a - b)} = \frac{1 - \tan}{1 + \tan}$

33.

$4 \sin (3 x) \cos (4 x) = 2 \sin (7 x) - 2 \sin x 4$

34.

$\frac{6 \cos (8 x) \sin (2 x)}{\sin (- 6 x)} = −3 \sin (10 x) \csc (6 x) + 3 \frac{6}{\sin (- 6 x)} = −3$

35.

$\sin x + \sin (3 x) = 4 \sin x \cos^{2} x \sin$

36.

$2 (\cos^{3} x - \cos x \sin^{2} x) = \cos (3 x) + \cos x 2 (\cos^{3} x - \cos) = \cos (3 x) + \cos$

37.

$2 \tan x \cos (3 x) = \sec x (\sin (4 x) - \sin (2 x)) 2$

38.

$\cos (a + b) + \cos (a - b) = 2 \cos a \cos b \cos (a + b) + \cos (a - b) = 2$

Numeric

For the following exercises, rewrite the sum as a product of two functions or the product as a sum of two functions. Give your answer in terms of sines and cosines. Then evaluate the final answer numerically, rounded to four decimal places.

39.

$\cos (58°) + \cos (12°) \cos (58°) + \cos (12°)$

40.

$\sin (2°) - \sin (3°) \sin (2°) - \sin (3°)$

41.

$\cos (44°) - \cos (22°) \cos (44°) - \cos (22°)$

42.

$\cos (176°) \sin (9°) \cos (176°) \sin (9°)$

43.

$\sin (−14°)\sin(85°) \sin (−14°)\sin(85°)$

Technology

For the following exercises, algebraically determine whether each of the given equation is an identity. If it is not an identity, replace the right-hand side with an expression equivalent to the left side. Verify the results by graphing both expressions on a calculator.

44.

$2 \sin (2 x) \sin (3 x) = \cos x - \cos (5 x) 2$

45.

$\frac{\cos (10 θ) + \cos (6 θ)}{\cos (6 θ) - \cos (10 θ)} = \cot (2 θ) \cot (8 θ) \frac{\cos (10 θ) + \cos (6 θ)}{\cos (6 θ) - \cos (10 θ)} = \cot (2 θ) \cot (8 θ)$

46.

$\frac{\sin (3 x) - \sin (5 x)}{\cos (3 x) + \cos (5 x)} = \tan x \frac{\sin (3 x) - \sin (5 x)}{\cos (3 x) + \cos (5 x)} = \tan$

47.

$2 \cos (2 x) \cos x + \sin (2 x) \sin x = 2 \sin x 2$

48.

$\frac{\sin (2 x) + \sin (4 x)}{\sin (2 x) - \sin (4 x)} = - \tan (3 x) \cot x \frac{\sin (2 x) + \sin (4 x)}{\sin (2 x) - \sin (4 x)} = - \tan (3 x) \cot$

For the following exercises, simplify the expression to one term, then graph the original function and your simplified version to verify they are identical.

49.

$\frac{\sin (9 t) - \sin (3 t)}{\cos (9 t) + \cos (3 t)} \frac{\sin (9 t) - \sin (3 t)}{\cos (9 t) + \cos (3 t)}$

50.

$2 \sin (8 x) \cos (6 x) - \sin (2 x) 2$

51.

$\frac{\sin (3 x) - \sin x}{\sin x} \frac{\sin (3 x) - \sin}{\sin}$

52.

$\frac{\cos (5 x) + \cos (3 x)}{\sin (5 x) + \sin (3 x)} \frac{\cos (5 x) + \cos (3 x)}{\sin (5 x) + \sin (3 x)}$

53.

$\sin x \cos (15 x) - \cos x \sin (15 x) \sin$

Extensions

For the following exercises, prove the following sum-to-product formulas.

54.

$\sin x - \sin y = 2 \sin (\frac{x - y}{2}) \cos (\frac{x + y}{2}) \sin$

55.

$\cos x + \cos y = 2 \cos (\frac{x + y}{2}) \cos (\frac{x - y}{2}) \cos$

For the following exercises, prove the identity.

56.

$\frac{\sin (6 x) + \sin (4 x)}{\sin (6 x) - \sin (4 x)} = \tan (5 x) \cot x \frac{\sin (6 x) + \sin (4 x)}{\sin (6 x) - \sin (4 x)} = \tan$

57.

$\frac{\cos (3 x) + \cos x}{\cos (3 x) - \cos x} = - \cot (2 x) \cot x \frac{\cos (3 x) + \cos}{\cos (3 x) - \cos} = - \cot$

58.

$\frac{\cos (6 y) + \cos (8 y)}{\sin (6 y) - \sin (4 y)} = \cot y \cos (7 y) \sec (5 y) \frac{\cos (6 y) + \cos (8 y)}{\sin (6 y) - \sin (4 y)} = \cot$

59.

$\frac{\cos (2 y) - \cos (4 y)}{\sin (2 y) + \sin (4 y)} = \tan y \frac{\cos (2 y) - \cos (4 y)}{\sin (2 y) + \sin (4 y)} = \tan$

60.

$\frac{\sin (10 x) - \sin (2 x)}{\cos (10 x) + \cos (2 x)} = \tan (4 x) \frac{\sin (10 x) - \sin (2 x)}{\cos (10 x) + \cos (2 x)} = \tan (4 x)$

61.

$\cos x - \cos (3 x) = 4 \sin^{2} x \cos x \cos$

62.

${(\cos (2 x) - \cos (4 x))}^{2} + {(\sin (4 x) + \sin (2 x))}^{2} = 4 \sin^{2} (3 x) {(\cos (2 x) - \cos (4 x))}^{2} + {(\sin (4 x) + \sin (2 x))}^{2} = 4$

63.

$\tan (\frac{π}{4} - t) = \frac{1 - \tan t}{1 + \tan t} \tan (\frac{π}{4} - t) = \frac{1 - \tan}{1 + \tan}$