Contents
- Preface
1Science and the Universe: A Brief Tour
2Observing the Sky: The Birth of Astronomy
7Other Worlds: An Introduction to the Solar System
13Comets and Asteroids: Debris of the Solar System
14Cosmic Samples and the Origin of the Solar System
18The Stars: A Celestial Census
20Between the Stars: Gas and Dust in Space
21The Birth of Stars and the Discovery of Planets outside the Solar System
27Active Galaxies, Quasars, and Supermassive Black Holes
- AHow to Study for an Introductory Astronomy Class
- BAstronomy Websites, Images, and Apps
- CScientific Notation
- DUnits Used in Science
- ESome Useful Constants for Astronomy
- FPhysical and Orbital Data for the Planets
- GSelected Moons of the Planets
- HFuture Total Eclipses
- IThe Nearest Stars, Brown Dwarfs, and White Dwarfs
- JThe Brightest Twenty Stars
- KThe Chemical Elements
- LThe Constellations
- MStar Chart and Sky Event Resources
- Index
Review Questions
Review Questions
Give several reasons the Orion molecular cloud is such a useful “laboratory” for studying the stages of star formation.
Why is star formation more likely to occur in cold molecular clouds than in regions where the temperature of the interstellar medium is several hundred thousand degrees?
Why have we learned a lot about star formation since the invention of detectors sensitive to infrared radiation?
Describe what happens when a star forms. Begin with a dense core of material in a molecular cloud and trace the evolution up to the time the newly formed star reaches the main sequence.
Describe how the T Tauri star stage in the life of a low-mass star can lead to the formation of a Herbig-Haro (H-H) object.
Look at the four stages shown in Figure 21.8. In which stage(s) can we see the star in visible light? In infrared radiation?
The evolutionary track for a star of 1 solar mass remains nearly vertical in the H–R diagram for a while (see Figure 21.12). How is its luminosity changing during this time? Its temperature? Its radius?
Two protostars, one 10 times the mass of the Sun and one half the mass of the Sun are born at the same time in a molecular cloud. Which one will be first to reach the main sequence stage, where it is stable and getting energy from fusion?
Compare the scale (size) of a typical dusty disk around a forming star with the scale of our solar system.
Why is it so hard to see planets around other stars and so easy to see them around our own?
Why did it take astronomers until 1995 to discover the first exoplanet orbiting another star like the Sun?
Which types of planets are most easily detected by Doppler measurements? By transits?
List three ways in which the exoplanets we have detected have been found to be different from planets in our solar system.
List any similarities between discovered exoplanets and planets in our solar system.
What revisions to the theory of planet formation have astronomers had to make as a result of the discovery of exoplanets?
Why are young Jupiters easier to see with direct imaging than old Jupiters?