Sumário

Preface
1Science and the Universe: A Brief Tour
2Observing the Sky: The Birth of Astronomy
3Orbits and Gravity
4Earth, Moon, and Sky
5Radiation and Spectra
6Astronomical Instruments
7Other Worlds: An Introduction to the Solar System
8Earth as a Planet
9Cratered Worlds
10Earthlike Planets: Venus and Mars
11The Giant Planets
12Rings, Moons, and Pluto
13Comets and Asteroids: Debris of the Solar System
14Cosmic Samples and the Origin of the Solar System
15The Sun: A Garden-Variety Star
16The Sun: A Nuclear Powerhouse
17Analyzing Starlight
18The Stars: A Celestial Census
19Celestial Distances
20Between the Stars: Gas and Dust in Space
21The Birth of Stars and the Discovery of Planets outside the Solar System
22Stars from Adolescence to Old Age
23The Death of Stars
24Black Holes and Curved Spacetime
25The Milky Way Galaxy
26Galaxies
27Active Galaxies, Quasars, and Supermassive Black Holes
28The Evolution and Distribution of Galaxies
29The Big Bang
30Life in the Universe
AHow to Study for an Introductory Astronomy Class
BAstronomy Websites, Images, and Apps
CScientific Notation
DUnits Used in Science
ESome Useful Constants for Astronomy
FPhysical and Orbital Data for the Planets
GSelected Moons of the Planets
HFuture Total Eclipses
IThe Nearest Stars, Brown Dwarfs, and White Dwarfs
JThe Brightest Twenty Stars
KThe Chemical Elements
LThe Constellations
MStar Chart and Sky Event Resources
Index

F

Physical and Orbital Data for the Planets

Appendix F Physical and Orbital Data for the Planets

Physical Data for the Major Planets

Major Planet	Mean Diameter (km)	Mean Diameter (Earth = 1)	Mass (Earth = 1)	Mean Density (g/cm³)	Rotation Period (d)	Inclination of Equator to Orbit (°)	Surface Gravity (Earth = 1[g])	Velocity of Escape (km/s)
Mercury	4879	0.38	0.055	5.43	58.	0.0	0.38	4.3
Venus	12,104	0.95	0.815	5.24	−243.	177	0.90	10.4
Earth	12,756	1.00	1.00	5.51	1.000	23.4	1.00	11.2
Mars	6779	0.53	0.11	3.93	1.026	25.2	0.38	5.0
Jupiter	140,000	10.9	318	1.33	0.414	3.1	2.53	60.
Saturn	117,000	9.13	95.2	0.69	0.440	26.7	1.07	36.
Uranus	50,700	3.98	14.5	1.27	−0.718	97.9	0.89	21.
Neptune	49,200	3.86	17.2	1.64	0.671	29.6	1.14	23.

Table F1

Physical Data for Well-Studied Dwarf Planets

Well-Studied Dwarf Planet	Diameter (km)	Diameter (Earth = 1)	Mass (Earth = 1)	Mean Density (g/cm³)	Rotation Period (d)	Inclination of Equator to Orbit (°)	Surface Gravity (Earth = 1[g])	Velocity of Escape (km/s)
Ceres	950	0.07	0.0002	2.2	0.378	3	0.03	0.5
Pluto	2470	0.18	0.0024	1.9	−6.387	122	0.06	1.3
Haumea	1700	0.13	0.0007	3	0.163	—	—	0.8
Makemake	1400	0.11	0.0005	2	0.321	—	—	0.8
Eris	2326	0.18	0.0028	2.5	1.251 1 This measurement is quite uncertain.	—	—	1.4

Table F2

Orbital Data for the Major Planets

Major Planet	Semimajor Axis (AU)	Semimajor Axis (10⁶ km)	Sidereal Period (y)	Sidereal Period (d)	Mean Orbital Speed (km/s)	Orbital Eccentricity	Inclination of Orbit to Ecliptic (°)
Mercury	0.39	58	0.24	88.0	47.9	0.206	7.0
Venus	0.72	108	0.6	224.7	35.0	0.007	3.4
Earth	1.00	149	1.00	365.2	29.8	0.017	0.0
Mars	1.52	228	1.88	687.0	24.1	0.093	1.9
Jupiter	5.20	778	11.86	—	13.1	0.048	1.3
Saturn	9.54	1427	29.46	—	9.6	0.056	2.5
Uranus	19.19	2871	84.01	—	6.8	0.046	0.8
Neptune	30.06	4497	164.82	—	5.4	0.010	1.8

Table F3

Orbital Data for Well-Studied Dwarf Planets

Well-Studied Dwarf Planet	Semimajor Axis (AU)	Semimajor Axis (10⁶ km)	Sidereal Period (y)	Mean Orbital Speed (km/s)	Orbital Eccentricity	Inclination of Orbit to Ecliptic (°)
Ceres	2.77	414.0	4.6	18	0.08	11
Pluto	39.5	5915	248.6	4.7	0.25	17
Haumea	43.1	6452	283.3	4.5	0.19	28
Makemake	45.8	6850	309.9	4.4	0.16	29
Eris	68.0	10,120	560.9	3.4	0.44	44

Table F4

F Physical and Orbital Data for the Planets · Astronomy · Physics Playground