Contents
- Preface
1Introduction: The Nature of Science and Physics
4Dynamics: Force and Newton's Laws of Motion
5Further Applications of Newton's Laws: Friction, Drag, and Elasticity
10Rotational Motion and Angular Momentum
12Fluid Dynamics and Its Biological and Medical Applications
15Thermodynamics
- Introduction to Thermodynamics
- 15.1The First Law of Thermodynamics
- 15.2The First Law of Thermodynamics and Some Simple Processes
- 15.3Introduction to the Second Law of Thermodynamics: Heat Engines and Their Efficiency
- 15.4Carnot’s Perfect Heat Engine: The Second Law of Thermodynamics Restated
- 15.5Applications of Thermodynamics: Heat Pumps and Refrigerators
23Electromagnetic Induction, AC Circuits, and Electrical Technologies
- AAtomic Masses
- BSelected Radioactive Isotopes
- CUseful Information
- DGlossary of Key Symbols and Notation
- Index
Introduction to Oscillatory Motion and Waves
Chapter Outline
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16.1
Hooke’s Law: Stress and Strain Revisited
- Explain Newton’s third law of motion with respect to stress and deformation.
- Describe the restoration of force and displacement.
- Calculate the energy in Hooke’s Law of deformation, and the stored energy in a spring.
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16.2
Period and Frequency in Oscillations
- Observe the vibrations of a guitar string.
- Determine the frequency of oscillations.
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16.3
Simple Harmonic Motion: A Special Periodic Motion
- Describe a simple harmonic oscillator.
- Explain the link between simple harmonic motion and waves.
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16.4
The Simple Pendulum
- Measure acceleration due to gravity.
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16.5
Energy and the Simple Harmonic Oscillator
- Determine the maximum speed of an oscillating system.
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16.6
Uniform Circular Motion and Simple Harmonic Motion
- Compare simple harmonic motion with uniform circular motion.
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16.7
Damped Harmonic Motion
- Compare and discuss underdamped and overdamped oscillating systems.
- Explain critically damped system.
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16.8
Forced Oscillations and Resonance
- Observe resonance of a paddle ball on a string.
- Observe amplitude of a damped harmonic oscillator.
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16.9
Waves
- State the characteristics of a wave.
- Calculate the velocity of wave propagation.
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16.10
Superposition and Interference
- Explain standing waves.
- Describe the mathematical representation of overtones and beat frequency.
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16.11
Energy in Waves: Intensity
- Calculate the intensity and the power of rays and waves.
What do an ocean buoy, a child in a swing, the cone inside a speaker, a guitar, atoms in a crystal, the motion of chest cavities, and the beating of hearts all have in common? They all oscillate—-that is, they move back and forth between two points. Many systems oscillate, and they have certain characteristics in common. All oscillations involve force and energy. You push a child in a swing to get the motion started. The energy of atoms vibrating in a crystal can be increased with heat. You put energy into a guitar string when you pluck it.
Some oscillations create waves. A guitar creates sound waves. You can make water waves in a swimming pool by slapping the water with your hand. You can no doubt think of other types of waves. Some, such as water waves, are visible. Some, such as sound waves, are not. But every wave is a disturbance that moves from its source and carries energy. Other examples of waves include earthquakes and visible light. Even subatomic particles, such as electrons, can behave like waves.
By studying oscillatory motion and waves, we shall find that a small number of underlying principles describe all of them and that wave phenomena are more common than you have ever imagined. We begin by studying the type of force that underlies the simplest oscillations and waves. We will then expand our exploration of oscillatory motion and waves to include concepts such as simple harmonic motion, uniform circular motion, and damped harmonic motion. Finally, we will explore what happens when two or more waves share the same space, in the phenomena known as superposition and interference.