Conceptual Questions

Give an example in which there are clear distinctions among distance traveled, displacement, and magnitude of displacement. Specifically identify each quantity in your example.

Under what circumstances does distance traveled equal magnitude of displacement? What is the only case in which magnitude of displacement and displacement are exactly the same?

Bacteria move back and forth by using their flagella (structures that look like little tails). Speeds of up to $\text{50 μm/s}\left(\text{50}\times {\text{10}}^{-6}\text{m/s}\right)$ have been observed. The total distance traveled by a bacterium is large for its size, while its displacement is small. Why is this?

A student writes, “A bird that is diving for prey has a speed of $-\mathit{\text{10}}m/s$.” What is wrong with the student’s statement? What has the student actually described? Explain.

What is the speed of the bird in Exercise 2.4?

Acceleration is the change in velocity over time. Given this information, is acceleration a vector or a scalar quantity? Explain.

A weather forecast states that the temperature is predicted to be $-\mathrm{5ºC}$ the following day. Is this temperature a vector or a scalar quantity? Explain.

Give an example (but not one from the text) of a device used to measure time and identify what change in that device indicates a change in time.

There is a distinction between average speed and the magnitude of average velocity. Give an example that illustrates the difference between these two quantities.

Does a car’s odometer measure position or displacement? Does its speedometer measure speed or velocity?

If you divide the total distance traveled on a car trip (as determined by the odometer) by the time for the trip, are you calculating the average speed or the magnitude of the average velocity? Under what circumstances are these two quantities the same?

How are instantaneous velocity and instantaneous speed related to one another? How do they differ?

Is it possible for speed to be constant while acceleration is not zero? Give an example of such a situation.

Is it possible for velocity to be constant while acceleration is not zero? Explain.

Give an example in which velocity is zero yet acceleration is not.

If a subway train is moving to the left (has a negative velocity) and then comes to a stop, what is the direction of its acceleration? Is the acceleration positive or negative?

Plus and minus signs are used in one-dimensional motion to indicate direction. What is the sign of an acceleration that reduces the magnitude of a negative velocity? Of a positive velocity?

What information do you need in order to choose which equation or equations to use to solve a problem? Explain.

What is the last thing you should do when solving a problem? Explain.

What is the acceleration of a rock thrown straight upward on the way up? At the top of its flight? On the way down?

An object that is thrown straight up falls back to Earth. This is one-dimensional motion. (a) When is its velocity zero? (b) Does its velocity change direction? (c) Does the acceleration due to gravity have the same sign on the way up as on the way down?

Suppose you throw a rock nearly straight up at a coconut in a palm tree, and the rock misses on the way up but hits the coconut on the way down. Neglecting air resistance, how does the speed of the rock when it hits the coconut on the way down compare with what it would have been if it had hit the coconut on the way up? Is it more likely to dislodge the coconut on the way up or down? Explain.

If an object is thrown straight up and air resistance is negligible, then its speed when it returns to the starting point is the same as when it was released. If air resistance were not negligible, how would its speed upon return compare with its initial speed? How would the maximum height to which it rises be affected?

The severity of a fall depends on your speed when you strike the ground. All factors but the acceleration due to gravity being the same, how many times higher could a safe fall on the Moon be than on Earth (gravitational acceleration on the Moon is about 1/6 that of the Earth)?

How many times higher could an astronaut jump on the Moon than on Earth if his takeoff speed is the same in both locations (gravitational acceleration on the Moon is about 1/6 of $g$ on Earth)?

(a) Explain how you can use the graph of position versus time in Figure 2.54 to describe the change in velocity over time. Identify (b) the time ($t_{\mathrm{a}}$, $t_{\mathrm{b}}$, $t_{\mathrm{c}}$, $t_{\mathrm{d}}$, or $t_{\mathrm{e}}$) at which the instantaneous velocity is greatest, (c) the time at which it is zero, and (d) the time at which it is negative.

Figure 2.54

(a) Sketch a graph of velocity versus time corresponding to the graph of position versus time given in Figure 2.55. (b) Identify the time or times ($t_{\mathrm{a}}$, $t_{\mathrm{b}}$, $t_{\mathrm{c}}$, etc.) at which the instantaneous velocity is greatest. (c) At which times is it zero? (d) At which times is it negative?

Figure 2.55

(a) Explain how you can determine the acceleration over time from a velocity versus time graph such as the one in Figure 2.56. (b) Based on the graph, how does acceleration change over time?

Figure 2.56

(a) Sketch a graph of acceleration versus time corresponding to the graph of velocity versus time given in Figure 2.57. (b) Identify the time or times ($t_{\mathrm{a}}$, $t_{\mathrm{b}}$, $t_{\mathrm{c}}$, etc.) at which the acceleration is greatest. (c) At which times is it zero? (d) At which times is it negative?

Figure 2.57

Consider the velocity vs. time graph of a person in an elevator shown in Figure 2.58. Suppose the elevator is initially at rest. It then accelerates for 3 seconds, maintains that velocity for 15 seconds, then decelerates for 5 seconds until it stops. The acceleration for the entire trip is not constant so we cannot use the equations of motion from Motion Equations for Constant Acceleration in One Dimension for the complete trip. (We could, however, use them in the three individual sections where acceleration is a constant.) Sketch graphs of (a) position vs. time and (b) acceleration vs. time for this trip.

Figure 2.58

A cylinder is given a push and then rolls up an inclined plane. If the origin is the starting point, sketch the position, velocity, and acceleration of the cylinder vs. time as it goes up and then down the plane.