Sumário
- Preface
1Introduction: The Nature of Science and Physics
4Dynamics: Force and Newton's Laws of Motion
5Further Applications of Newton's Laws: Friction, Drag, and Elasticity
10Rotational Motion and Angular Momentum
12Fluid Dynamics and Its Biological and Medical Applications
15Thermodynamics
- Introduction to Thermodynamics
- 15.1The First Law of Thermodynamics
- 15.2The First Law of Thermodynamics and Some Simple Processes
- 15.3Introduction to the Second Law of Thermodynamics: Heat Engines and Their Efficiency
- 15.4Carnot’s Perfect Heat Engine: The Second Law of Thermodynamics Restated
- 15.5Applications of Thermodynamics: Heat Pumps and Refrigerators
23Electromagnetic Induction, AC Circuits, and Electrical Technologies
- AAtomic Masses
- BSelected Radioactive Isotopes
- CUseful Information
- DGlossary of Key Symbols and Notation
- Index
Introduction to Geometric Optics
Chapter Outline
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25.1
The Ray Aspect of Light
- List the ways by which light travels from a source to another location.
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25.2
The Law of Reflection
- Explain reflection of light from polished and rough surfaces.
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25.3
The Law of Refraction
- Determine the index of refraction, given the speed of light in a medium.
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25.4
Total Internal Reflection
- Explain the phenomenon of total internal reflection.
- Describe the workings and uses of fiber optics.
- Analyze the reason for the sparkle of diamonds.
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25.5
Dispersion: The Rainbow and Prisms
- Explain the phenomenon of dispersion and discuss its advantages and disadvantages.
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25.6
Image Formation by Lenses
- List the rules for ray tracking for thin lenses.
- Illustrate the formation of images using the technique of ray tracking.
- Determine power of a lens given the focal length.
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25.7
Image Formation by Mirrors
- Illustrate image formation in a flat mirror.
- Explain with ray diagrams the formation of an image using spherical mirrors.
- Determine focal length and magnification given radius of curvature, distance of object and image.
Geometric OpticsLight from this page or screen is formed into an image by the lens of your eye, much as the lens of the camera that made this photograph. Mirrors, like lenses, can also form images that in turn are captured by your eye.
Our lives are filled with light. Through vision, the most valued of our senses, light can evoke spiritual emotions, such as when we view a magnificent sunset or glimpse a rainbow breaking through the clouds. Light can also simply amuse us in a theater, or warn us to stop at an intersection. It has innumerable uses beyond vision. Light can carry telephone signals through glass fibers or cook a meal in a solar oven. Life itself could not exist without light’s energy. From photosynthesis in plants to the sun warming a cold-blooded animal, its supply of energy is vital.
We already know that visible light is the type of electromagnetic waves to which our eyes respond. That knowledge still leaves many questions regarding the nature of light and vision. What is color, and how do our eyes detect it? Why do diamonds sparkle? How does light travel? How do lenses and mirrors form images? These are but a few of the questions that are answered by the study of optics. Optics is the branch of physics that deals with the behavior of visible light and other electromagnetic waves. In particular, optics is concerned with the generation and propagation of light and its interaction with matter. What we have already learned about the generation of light in our study of heat transfer by radiation will be expanded upon in later topics, especially those on atomic physics. Now, we will concentrate on the propagation of light and its interaction with matter.
It is convenient to divide optics into two major parts based on the size of objects that light encounters. When light interacts with an object that is several times as large as the light’s wavelength, its observable behavior is like that of a ray; it does not prominently display its wave characteristics. We call this part of optics “geometric optics.” This chapter will concentrate on such situations. When light interacts with smaller objects, it has very prominent wave characteristics, such as constructive and destructive interference. Wave Optics will concentrate on such situations.