Sumário

Preface
1What is Physics?
2Motion in One Dimension
3Acceleration
4Forces and Newton’s Laws of Motion
5Motion in Two Dimensions
6Circular and Rotational Motion
7Newton's Law of Gravitation
8Momentum
9Work, Energy, and Simple Machines
10Special Relativity
11Thermal Energy, Heat, and Work
12Thermodynamics
13Waves and Their Properties
14Sound
15Light
16Mirrors and Lenses
- Introduction
- 16.1Reflection
- 16.2Refraction
- 16.3Lenses
- Key Terms
- Section Summary
- Key Equations
- Chapter Review
17Diffraction and Interference
18Static Electricity
19Electrical Circuits
20Magnetism
21The Quantum Nature of Light
22The Atom
23Particle Physics
- Introduction
- 23.1The Four Fundamental Forces
- 23.2Quarks
- 23.3The Unification of Forces
- Key Terms
- Section Summary
- Chapter Review
AReference Tables
Index

Multiple Choice

30 .

What thermodynamic principle forms the basis for our ability to measure temperature?

the zeroth law
the first law
the second law
the third law

31.

Name any two industries in which the principles of thermodynamics are used.

aerospace and information technology (IT) industries
industrial manufacturing and aerospace
mining and textile industries
mining and agriculture industries

32 .

What is the value of the Boltzmann constant?

$k = 1.23 \times 10^{- 38} J/K$
$k = 1.38 \times 10^{- 23} J/K$
$k = 1.38 \times 10^{23} J/K$
$k = 1.23 \times 10^{38} J/K$

33 .

Which of the following involves work done BY a system?

increasing internal energy
compression
expansion
cooling

34 .

What is conserved in the first law of thermodynamics?

mass
work
energy
heat

35 .

What is the change in internal energy of a system that does 20 J of work when

Q_{in} = 100 J

and

Q_{out} = 50 J

$20 J$
$30 J$
$50 J$
$100 J$

36 .

When does a real gas behave like an ideal gas?

A real gas behaves like an ideal gas at high temperature and low pressure.
A real gas behaves like an ideal gas at high temperature and high pressure.
A real gas behaves like an ideal gas at low temperature and low pressure.
A real gas behaves like an ideal gas at low temperature and high pressure.

37 .

In an engine, what is the unused energy converted into?

internal energy
pressure
work
heat

38 .

It is natural for systems in the universe to _____ spontaneously.

become disordered
become ordered
produce heat
do work

39 .

Q

120 J

and

T

350 K

, what is the change in entropy?

$0.343 J/K$
$1.51 J/K$
$2.92 J/K$
$34.3 J/K$

40.

Why does entropy increase during a spontaneous process?

Entropy increases because energy always transfers spontaneously from a dispersed state to a concentrated state.
Entropy increases because energy always transfers spontaneously from a concentrated state to a dispersed state.
Entropy increases because pressure always increases spontaneously.
Entropy increases because temperature of any system always increases spontaneously.

41.

A system consists of ice melting in a glass of water. What happens to the entropy of this system?

The entropy of the ice decreases, while the entropy of the water cannot be predicted without more specific information.
The entropy of the system remains constant.
The entropy of the system decreases.
The entropy of the system increases.

42 .

Which equation represents the net work done by a system in a cyclic process?

$W = \frac{Q_{c}}{Q_{h}}$
$W = Q_{h} + Q_{c}$
$W = E f f (Q_{c} - Q_{h})$
$W = Q_{h} - Q_{c}$

43.

Which of these quantities needs to be zero for efficiency to be 100 percent?

44.

Which of the following always has the greatest value in a system having 80 percent thermal efficiency?

45.

In the equation Q = Q_h − Q_c, what does the negative sign indicate?

Heat transfer of energy is always negative.
Heat transfer can only occur in one direction.
Heat is directed into the system from the surroundings outside the system.
Heat is directed out of the system.

46.

What is the purpose of a heat pump?

A heat pump uses work to transfer energy by heat from a colder environment to a warmer environment.
A heat pump uses work to transfer energy by heat from a warmer environment to a colder environment.
A heat pump does work by using heat to convey energy from a colder environment to a warmer environment.
A heat pump does work by using heat to convey energy from a warmer environment to a colder environment.