Contents
- Preface
1What is Physics?
10Special Relativity
16Mirrors and Lenses
17Diffraction and Interference
23Particle Physics
- AReference Tables
- Index
Key Terms
- dynamics
- the study of how forces affect the motion of objects and systems
- external force
- a force acting on an object or system that originates outside of the object or system
- force
- a push or pull on an object with a specific magnitude and direction; can be represented by vectors; can be expressed as a multiple of a standard force; the SI unit of force is the Newton (N)
- free-body diagram
- a diagram showing all external forces acting on a body
- freefall
- a situation in which the only force acting on an object is the force of gravity
- friction
- an external force that acts opposite to the direction of motion or, for when there is no relative motion, in the direction needed to prevent slipping
- inertia
- the tendency of an object at rest to remain at rest, or for a moving object to remain in motion in a straight line and at a constant speed
- law of inertia
- Newton’s first law of motion: a body at rest remains at rest or, if in motion, remains in motion at a constant speed in a straight line, unless acted on by a net external force; also known as the law of inertia
- mass
- the quantity of matter in a substance; the SI unit of mass is the kilogram
- net external force
- the sum of all external forces acting on an object or system
- net force
- the sum of all forces acting on an object or system
- Newton’s first law of motion
- a body at rest remains at rest or, if in motion, remains in motion at a constant speed in a straight line, unless acted on by a net external force; also known as the law of inertia
- Newton’s second law of motion
- the net external force, on an object is proportional to and in the same direction as the acceleration of the object, a, and also proportional to the object’s mass, m; defined mathematically as or
- Newton’s third law of motion
- when one body exerts a force on a second body, the first body experiences a force that is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the force that it exerts
- normal force
- that component of the contact force between two objects, which acts perpendicularly to and away from their plane of contact
- rolling resistance
- various forces that may impede a rolling wheel; these include axle friction, drag, and imperfectly elastic deformation of the wheel and/or surface
- system
- one or more objects of interest for which only the forces acting on them from the outside are considered, but not the forces acting between them or inside them
- tension
- a pulling force that acts along a connecting medium, especially a stretched flexible connector, such as a rope or cable; when a rope supports the weight of an object, the force exerted on the object by the rope is called tension
- thrust
- a force that pushes an object forward in response to the backward ejection of mass by the object; rockets and airplanes are pushed forward by a thrust reaction force in response to ejecting gases backward
- weight
- the force of gravity, W, acting on an object of mass m; defined mathematically as W = mg, where g is the magnitude and direction of the acceleration due to gravity